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Many fruit trees require at least two varieties for cross pollination in order to get a good crop of fruit, but these fruit trees will have a good crop by themselves: apricots, pie cherries, figs, nectarines, peaches, prunes and persimmons.
Also these varieties will have a good crop by themselves, though they will often have more
fruit with a second variety for cross pollination:
Apples: Braeburn, Chehalis, Gala, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Honeycrisp, Jonathan, Pink Lady, Red Rome, Summer Red and Winesap,
Sweet cherries: Early Burlat, Lapins, Rainier and Stella,
Pears: Moonglow, Red Bartlett, Starkcrimson and 20th Century,
Plums: Beauty, Green Gage, Methley and Shiro.
If there is room for only one fruit tree, plant a self-pollinizing fruit or a combination tree with two or more varieties grafted onto it. There are also combination trees that include apricots, cherries, nectarines and peaches.
The difference between plums and prunes is that prunes can be dried with the pit inside, while
plums will spoil if the pit is not removed before drying. Both can be eaten fresh or dried.
Also, prunes are egg
shaped and self-pollinizing, while plums are round and most varieties need a pollinizer.
Asian pears will often have fruit the first year. They are the easiest tree fruit to grow. Apples, European pears, figs and persimmons are also easy to grow. Apricots, nectarines, peaches, and cherries need more care because of disease problems. OSU Extension Services has a excellent guide at Managing Diseases and Insects in Home Orchards
The best fruit is always in the top of the tree because it gets the most sunlight and best air circulation. But a tall ladder is not very safe to climb. If the top of the tree is too tall to reach, the best fruit is wasted. The introduction of dwarfing rootstocks has made it much easier to harvest, prune and spray fruit trees.
Dwarf and Semi Dwarf rootstocks are available for many fruit trees. Plant the tree so the graft is at least two inches above ground level, because the tree will grow to full size if the trunk sends out roots above the graft. Very Dwarf rootstocks produce trees that will grow 5-6 feet tall: M27 for apples and Tabel for cherries. Dwarf rootstocks produce trees that will grow 8 to 10 feet tall: M9 for apples, Quince C for pears and Gisela 5 for cherries. Semi Dwarf rootstocks produce trees that will grow 10 to 12 feet tall: M26 for apples and Pixy for plums. Semi Vigorous rootstocks produce trees that will grow 12 to 15 feet tall: MM106 for apples, Quince A for pears, St Julien for plums and Colt for cherries. These heights are approximate because some varieties grow more vigorously than others. Also, pruning makes a big difference in size. Semi Dwarf trees are usually stronger and bear fruit sooner than Dwarf trees because dwarfing rootstocks keep trees smaller because the roots are weaker growing. Plus, M9 is brittle and the graft will break unless trees are staked or grown on a trellis.
Fruit trees should be trained to have a single, upright trunk with well spaced, spreading side branches. The tree should be cone shaped so the upper branches do not shade out the lower branches. The first five years are the most important for training a fruit tree so it develops a strong structure. After many years, branches becomes less productive. Sometimes a newer sprout should be allowed to develop for a couple of years, then, remove the nearest old branch.
Ringing is a technique that can help young fruit trees start bearing more fruit at a younger age. In
late July or early August, a knife is used to cut through the bark to the wood all around the trunk
below the lowest branch. A second cut is made a sixteenth of an inch above or below the first cut. Then
the ring of bark is removed. This prevents sugars from flowing down through the bark to the roots, so
there is more food in the top of the tree to promote the production of more flower buds. The cut has to
be narrow enough that the ring will heal before growth stops in the fall. Ringing a tree the first two
years is enough to switch the tree from growth mode to fruiting mode.
Fruit trees have to be pruned differently, depending on whether they produce their flowers and fruit on old wood or new wood. At harvest time, look to see where the fruit is found. Notice if more fruit is produced on branches that grow fast or slow. Then adjust your pruning and fertilizing accordingly.
Apples, cherries, pears, and plums bear fruit on fruit spurs, which are short twigs on older wood. Spurs will die out if they are shaded too much. Upper and outer branches should be pruned to let light and air into the center of the tree so the fruit spurs will remain healthy. Pruning the longest twigs back to three to five leaves in mid-July to mid-August, when they are at least the thickness of a pencil, will encourage more fruit spurs to form.
Peaches, nectarines and apricots bear fruit on one year old wood. A few older branches can be removed each year to encourage more new growth.
Suckers and water sprouts grow rapidly straight up. They do not produce fruit, and they shade out the spreading branches that do produce fruit. They can be plucked off when they first appear in June much easier than cutting them off later. Or, they can be tied down so they grow outward and become productive branches. The most productive branches grow at an angle between horizontal and forty-five degrees. Thirty degrees is ideal.
Fruit trees can be pruned in the winter, spring, or summer. Winter pruning causes a tree to grow more vigorously. Spring pruning, after the fruit has set, keeps dwarf trees smaller and does not reduce the fruit crop as much. By mid-spring, it is obvious which branches are producing fruit and which are not, so productive branches can be saved. Cutting back vigorous apple and pear twigs to three to five buds in mid-summer will encourage more fruit spurs.
Tree fruits will have the most flavor if they are allowed to ripen on the tree and eaten right away. But, they will store longer if they are picked before they are fully ripe. When ripe, the green background color will change to yellow. For red fruit, look at the bottom of the fruit to see the background color.
Another test for ripeness is to push on the fruit to check for softness. Ripe fruit will be considerably softer than green fruit. A ripe peach or nectarine will dent easily with a fingertip. For apples and pears, a piece of skin is peeled off and a special pressure gauge is used to test for firmness.
European pears should not be allowed to ripen fully on the tree, because by the time the outside is ripe, the inside is mushy. It is better to pick European pears when they first begin to show a hint of yellow, and let them ripen indoors. A few days in the refrigerator begins the ripening process. Pears will then ripen in a few days to a few weeks at room temperature.
To harvest fruit easily without bruising or damaging it, put your thumb next to the stem and wrap your fingers around the fruit. Lift and rotate the fruit so the stem is bent. If the fruit stem does not separate easily from the tree, the fruit is still green. Twisting and pulling on the fruit will bruise it and it will start to decay much sooner. Handle fruit carefully, because dropping a freshly picked apple even a quarter of an inch will bruise it.
The Pacific Northwest Pest Management Handbooks has Cultivar Susceptibility Tables for some fruits. The easiest way to avoid disease problems is to choose varieties that are disease resistant.
Apples
Braeburn: Green/red. Excellent flavor. Self-pollinizing.
Chehalis: Yellow. Resistant to scab and mildew. Excellent flavor, crisp and juicy. Self-pollinizing.
Freedom: Red. Highly resistant to scab, mildew and rust. Self-pollinizing.
Jonagold: Reddish gold. Resistant to scab. Excellent flavor.
Liberty: Dark red. Highly resistant to scab and mildew.
Shay: Red. Resistant to scab and mildew.
Apricots
Chinese: Orange with red blush. Tolerates late frosts. Self-pollinizing.
Puget Gold: Orange. Very good flavor. Tolerates cool spring weather. Self-pollinizing.
Cherries
Bing: Almost black. The most popular variety.
Rainier: Yellow and red. Resistant to cracking. Excellent flavor. Self-pollinizing.
Stella: Black. Resistant to cracking. Self-pollinizing.
Van: Dark red. Resistant to cracking. Very sweet.
Figs
Brown Turkey: Mahogany brown skin. Cold hardy. Self-pollinizing.
Lattarula: Yellowish green. Honey colored flesh. Cold hardy. Self-pollinizing.
Peaches
Frost: Yellow. Freestone. Very resistant to peach leaf curl. Self-pollinizing.
Redhaven: Red. Semi-freestone. Very resistant to peach leaf curl. Self-pollinizing.
Veteran: Yellow. Freestone. Very easy to peel. Self-pollinizing.
Pears
Anjou: Green. Good keeper.
Bartlett: Yellow. The most popular pear.
Red Bartlett: Red. Self-pollinizing.
Asian Pears
20th Century: Yellow. Self pollinizing.
Hosui: Golden brown. Excellent flavor.
Plums
Nubiana: Purple-black. Midseason. Self-pollinizing.
Santa Rosa: Purplish red. Early. The most popular Japanese plum.
Watering recommendations for fruits taken from The Sunset Western Garden Book.
Apple Low-Medium Water during long dry spells. Apricot Medium Infrequent, deep watering. Blackberry High Water during growing season. Blueberry Very High Frequent watering. Cherry High Regular, deep watering. Currant High Regular watering. Fig Low Needs no water once established. Gooseberry High Water to maintain growth. Grape Low-Medium Little water once established. Kiwi High Regular watering. Mango High Maintain steady soil moisture. Nectarine High Water while fruit is forming in hot weather. Peach High Water while fruit is forming in hot weather. Pear Medium-High Regular watering during growing season. Persimmon High Regular deep watering. Plum Medium Best with some deep watering in summer. Raspberry High Regular watering. Strawberry Very High Frequent, deep soaking.
The newest development in strawberries is the introduction of day-neutral varieties. The time of flowering and fruiting of older varieties of strawberries was controlled by day length. June bearing varieties, such as Hood, will produce flowers and fruit only during the longest days of summer. The time of flowering and fruiting of day-neutral varieties, such as Tristar, is controlled only by temperature. They start producing flowers and fruit when it warms up in May and they continue to produce flowers and fruit until it cools down in September. If you want a lot of strawberries ripe at once so you can make jam and be done with it, then June bearing is the best choice. If you want a few berries to ripen every day all summer long so you can eat them fresh, then day-neutral is a better choice. There are also a few varieties called everbearing, such as Ozark Beauty, which have a big crop in June and a smaller crop in August.
Blackberries, Raspberries and Strawberries have a king berry that is on the very end of the fruit stalk. It is always the first to ripen. The secondary and tertiary berries ripen later. It takes a gentle touch to harvest them without smashing them. Bending blackberry fruit sideways will make them break free from the stalk.
Blackberries are trained on a trellis like grapes. After harvest, the canes which have fruited are cut down to make room for the new canes which will produce fruit the next summer. In the late summer, the canes are gathered into bundles and trained on a trellis.
European Grapes, Vitis vinifera, are trained differently than American Grapes, Vitis labrusca. European Grapes are trained vertically to encourage them to grow more vigorously. As the new canes grow, they are tucked between pairs of wires to make them grow upwards. American grapes are trained horizontally to slow down their vigorous growth. Two common training methods are cane pruning and spur pruning. For cane pruning, only the trunk is permanent. Each winter, the old canes are cut back to two buds, and two new canes which have grown from the trunk are trained horizontally. For spur pruning, the trunk and horizontal canes are permanent. Each winter, the new canes are cut back to one or two buds. A starting guide is to leave 35 buds on each grape plant.
Blueberries Two varieties are better for cross-pollination.
Bluecrop: Blue. Midseason.
Bluejay: Blue. Midseason. Mild flavor
Olympia: Blue. Late midseason. Rich flavor.
Blackberries
Boysenberry: Reddish black.
Marionberry: Black.
Grapes
Himrod: Golden seedless. Early. Crispy sweet.
Lakemont: White seedless. Midseason.
Suffolk Red: Red seedless. Midseason.
Concord: Blue. Best for grape juice and jelly.
Raspberries
Autumn Bliss: Red. Everbearing from late July through September. Disease resistant.
Canby: Bright red. Thornless.
Heritage: Dark red. Berries in June and September.
Meeker: Dark red. Late season.
Munger: Black. Mid season.
Strawberries
Hood: Sweet and flavorful. June bearing.
Tri-Star: Very sweet and flavorful. Day neutral so it bears fruit from June through September.
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